Category Archives: Outcomes

Nurse viewpoint: Modern healthcare system prioritizes profits over care quality

Posted on by • Posted in 2020 Election Issues, Health Policy, Health System, Hospital, Life-Saving Devices, Medicare for All, Operating Margin, Operating Performance, Outcomes, Pharmaceutical Industry, Quality of Care • Tagged • Leave a comment

https://www.beckershospitalreview.com/quality/nurse-viewpoint-modern-healthcare-system-prioritizes-profits-over-care-quality.html

The American healthcare system benefits companies, hospital systems and administrators over patients and providers, wrote Theresa Brown, PhD, BSN, RN, in an op-ed for CNN.

 Five highlights from Dr. Brown’s opinion piece:

1. Providers work in an environment of “scarcity,” whereas CEOs, pharmaceutical companies and hospital systems live in “a world of plenty.”

2. Dr. Brown cites her own experience at a teaching hospital in the University of Pittsburgh Medical Center system, where she says nurses who requested more life-saving devices were told to do “more with less,” despite the hospital system’s multibillion-dollar revenues.

3. Dr. Brown writes nurses at the teaching hospital also faced staff shortages, which have been shown to negatively affect patient health outcomes.

4. In contrast, 14 pharmaceutical companies made profits of at least $1 billion in 2018. Yet Dr. Brown argues that vilifying such companies misinterprets the problem, which is the long line separating cash-strapped hospital floors from the large profits that benefit systems, companies and administrators over patients.

5. Dr. Brown supports Medicare for All, writing that it is a critical measure for the 66 percent of American households that say they must choose between purchasing food and healthcare.

 

 

The Drivers of Health: What makes us healthy?

Posted on by • Posted in Access & Quality of Healthcare, Causation, Centers for Disease Control & Prevention (CDC), Correlations, Education, Environment, Gender Identity, Genetics, Health Behaviors, Health Policy, Household Structure, Income/Wealth, Interventions, Marginal Effects, Occupation, Outcomes, Racial Indentity, Social Circumstances, Social Determinants of Health, Social Support & Isolation, Timespan • Leave a comment

The Drivers

 

What makes us healthy?

We have an intuitive sense that things like what we eat, how much we exercise, the quality of our water and air, and getting appropriate health care when sick all help us stay healthy, but how much do each of these factors matter?

Studies have also shown that our incomes, education, even racial identity are associated with health — so-called “social determinants of health.”

How much do social determinants matter? How much does the health system improve our health?

In the 1970s the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention tried to answer these questions but had little rigorous science to guide it. Though we know a great deal more today, they still have not been fully answered. This is no mere curiosity — knowing what makes us healthy will help us direct investments into the right programs.

Over the years, many frameworks have been developed to illuminate what affects health. The relationships are so complex that no single framework captures everything. To get us started on this research project — and our broader conversation about what drives health — we created a model that allows us to explore some of the dimensions of these drivers, and their relationships to each other.

The Framework

We developed our framework by reviewing research on factors that influence health and surveying similar projects and tools from prominent organizations . It is not meant to be complete, but a starting point that allows us to think about what drives health and how.

Indirect vs. Direct Factors
Many things affect health, some directly and others indirectly. Government/policy, income/wealth, education, and racial identity don’t necessarily affect health in an immediate way. They are indirect factors that tend to affect health through complex pathways. Those pathways usually involve other factors that more immediately affect health. These are the direct factors such as occupation, health care access, and health behaviors.

Why these Outcomes?
There are many possible health outcomes. The framework includes four examples—age-adjusted mortality, life expectancy, quality of life/well-being, and functional status. These outcomes are commonly studied, prevalent in the literature, and reflect the kinds of things people care most about.

The Drivers

Government/Policy
A wide range of government policies can affect health. For example, in 2007, Australia became the first country to introduce a government-funded human papillomavirus (HPV) vaccination program. For years later, significantly lower levels of HPV were present in the population. As another example, studies show that Medicaid expansion in the US facilitates access to care and improves self-reported health outcomes. Policies outside the health system can affect health too. Those pertaining to deportation of undocumented immigrants and same-sex marriage have been linked to health outcomes, for example.

Income/Wealth
Income and wealth are associated with health, but through complex pathways. While income and wealth facilitate access to health care, food, and housing, it’s also true that good health facilitates labor force participation, potentially leading to higher income. Several studies suggest that income and resources have profound effects in early life and development, but a much smaller effect on adults.

Education
Evidence suggests that education has a causal effect in reducing mortality. Among all age groups, every additional year of school is associated with increased self-reported health status.

Racial Identity
Racial Identity is closely associated with health outcomes in the US. For example, African-American adults experience much higher levels of mortality than white adults, from all causes. Racial Identity also plays a role in the accumulated stress from discrimination and in the quality of health care received.

Gender Identity
Evidence suggests that gender identity plays a role in health and health care. For example, one study found that women with angina pectoris and low socioeconomic status were referred to cardiologists less frequently than men.

Genetics
Genetics play a role in the development of certain disease. For example, while cancer is not caused by genetics, most cancers have some genetic determinants. The BRCA1 and BRCA2 genes play a role in tumor suppression, and, when mutated, increase the risk of female breast, ovarian, and other cancers.

Environment
Environmental factors — natural and built — have profound effects on our health. Of course, factors like air quality affect our health, evidenced by a study that demonstrated an association between higher levels of air pollutants O3 and PM2.5 and pediatric pneumonia. Environmental conditions even before birth (present during fetal development) can affect health and well-being into adulthood.

Medical Care
Medical care is designed to facilitate good health, so both the quality of medical care and access to it influence our health outcomes. One study found that the medically uninsured receive 20% less care after auto accidents and have significantly higher mortality rates than people who are insured.

Health Behaviors
Health behaviors encompass a wide range of human behaviors that affect health including: physical activity; diet; sleep; and tobacco, alcohol, and other substance use. Just as one example, reducing exposure to tobacco has been identified as the single biggest way to prevent morbidity, disability, and early death.

Social Circumstances
Social relationships can affect mental and physical health as well as behaviors and mortality risk. The people we are surrounded by (at an early age, parents, and later in life, peers and romantic partners) strongly influence health through mechanisms of stress, social support, and pressure to engage in or avoid risky behaviors.

Occupation
Occupation is linked to health outcomes, and may both cause health due to the conditions of the job, and be caused by health due to the limitations particular to certain conditions.

Let’s Dig Deeper

Historical vs. Current, Marginal Effects
When attempting to quantify the impact of direct health-related factors, it is important to make a distinction between how much of our current health is related to these factors versus how much of our current health can be improved by interventions that target particular factors. Grasping this distinction is critical so that we know where our dollars are best spent to maximize health improvement. In other words, how much have each of these factors affected our health in the past through today versus how much could they affect health in the future if policy was immediately changed? For example, a disease like smallpox has a huge direct effect on health outcomes, but it has essentially been eradicated, so an additional investment in eradicating smallpox has virtually no marginal gains, even though the disease is closely linked to health.

Timespan
It is also relevant to consider the timespan on which we see certain effects taking place, especially when considering policy intervention. For example, with an environmental change such as improving the air quality, it would take a significant amount of time for all measurable changes in health outcomes to manifest; other interventions, such as dramatically increasing flu vaccination rates, could have significant health outcomes that would be observable on a much shorter timescale.

Correlations vs. Causation
Considering the available literature on social determinants of health and the links between these factors and measurable health outcomes, it is critical to clarify whether what we are observing or seeking is a correlation or causation. Correlations can guide hypothesis generation, but only causation is actionable in terms of policy.

Interventions
Finally, it is worth considering how a framework like this relates to policy intervention. The specific interventions that might be effective within a category (e.g., health behaviors) could change over time. For example, promotion of wearing motor vehicle seat belts was an important area for policy interventions in the 1970s and 1980s, but is less so now because doing so has become commonplace. Though health behaviors remain relevant to health today, the class of interventions that would have the largest impact are different.

 

 

 

 

Who is blocking ‘Medicare for All’?

Posted on by • Posted in 2020 Election Issues, Health Insurance Industry, Health Policy, Hospital Industry, Medicare for All, Out of Pocket Expenses, Outcomes, Pharmaceutical Industry • Leave a comment

Who is blocking ‘Medicare for All’?

Who is blocking 'Medicare for All'?

Decades of corporate-friendly politics and policy have decimated communities throughout the country. Centrist Democrats who have chosen corporate profits over people’s needs have aided and abetted this decimation. People are hungry for big ideas to improve their lives and to change the rules that serve only to make the rich richer.

Nowhere is this hunger more apparent than in the demand for improved “Medicare for All”. During a hearing at the House Budget Committee this week it was also apparent that the center-right and their wealthy donors won’t go down without a fight when it comes to health care. 

With guns-a-blazing, they are out to block an incredibly successful and popular program: Medicare, from being improved, expanded and provided to everyone.

Yet polling shows that across party lines, a majority of Americans are in favor of Medicare for All. And why not? Right now, nearly 30 million people in this country are uninsured; 40 million can’t afford health-care co-pays and deductibles and 45,000 die annually as a result of not having access to health care.

Those reaping the excessive profits from our illnesses and injuries are in a panic. They’re laying all their chips on the table to make sure Medicare for All never becomes reality. It would mean the end of private insurance companies that profit mightily off the most costly and least effective health-care system in the industrialized world.

So, to continue to rake in their profits, they’ve created the Partnership for America’s Health Care Future, a partnership of corporate hospitals, insurance and drug companies. They must have a lot to lose: last year alone, the group spent $143 million developing attack ads and launching fear campaigns to kill Medicare for All.

It’s time to admit it, while nearly every modern country in the world provides quality, accessible health care for free or very inexpensively to their citizens, the United States stands alone in its willingness to let corporations suck the last pennies out of sick or injured people.

Well, the jig is up. Decades under a corporate-run private health insurance system have proven that we can’t rely on profiteers to provide access to quality health care. We need a publicly held system that is accountable to the people who rely on it. We are able to do so and save trillions of dollars over the next decade.

Medicare for All would reduce national health-care spending by anywhere between $2 trillion to $10 trillion over ten years. Research shows that countries with single-payer systems spend much less on drugs.

Yet opponents continue to decry the “costs” of Medicare for All. They will continue to focus on the cost to taxpayers, conveniently avoiding the truth that already we pay excessive health care costs through insurance premiums, co-pays and deductibles.

Americans suffer from poor health outcomes because they can’t afford to see a doctor until their illness becomes catastrophic. Many weigh the choice between financial ruin and life-saving medicines and treatment. In one of the richest countries in the world that is nothing short of shameful.

The U.S. is a country with abundant resources and more than enough wealth to go around. It’s time to share the wealth in America. It’s a new day and it starts with Medicare for All. Buckle up — because the fight is just beginning.